Low-Temperature-Processed Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules: A Comprehensive Review

The impending commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is plodding despite the booming power conversion efficiencies and high stabilities. Most high-performance, stable PSCs are often processed partially with high-temperature processes, increasing the cost of production and energy payback time. Low-temperature-processed PSCs are crucial as they cut down the expenses lowering the barriers to industrial use. In addition, low-temperature-processed methods have a wide range of applicability in flexible devices and for tandem applications with other photovoltaic technologies where the temperature budget is limited. Therefore, making stable PSCs under ambient conditions as well as providing low-cost fabrication techniques is highly desirable. Here, a detailed review is presented on the development of the low-temperature process strategies for fabricating highly stable PSCs and perovskite solar modules. The effectiveness of low-temperature processing in various classes of materials is also discussed. First, the authors introduce some major degradation processes in PSCs. Then, the developments and evolving strategies of notable materials using low-temperature processing routes and a correlation with stability are summarized. A few general trends which are related to stability are also discussed. Overall, this review contributes to a better understanding of the status of low-temperature-processed cells and modules.