Environmental Assessment of a Hybrid Energy System Supporting a Smart Polygeneration Micro-grid

To support the global transition towards a climate-neutral economy by 2050, countries all over the world are implementing low carbon and energy efficiency policies. This is leading to a rapid increase in the installations of distributed generation technologies. A hybrid system consisting of two or more energy sources could provide a more reliable supply of energy and mitigate storage requirements. In this context, this paper develops an environmental early analysis by the employment of a simplified Life Cycle Assessment approach. The above-mentioned approach is used to investigate the environmental performances of the hybrid energy system of the smart polygeneration micro-grid of the University Campus of Savona, which integrates photovoltaics and combined heat and power generators with an electricity storage system. Moreover, two further comparison scenarios are analyzed: electricity demand met by importing energy from the electricity grid (Scenario 1) and management of cogeneration plants to primarily satisfy thermal demand (Scenario 2). An early environmental assessment analysis shows that the cogeneration systems have a predominant weight on the majority of the environmental impact categories analyzed. On the other hand, the PV systems are the most responsible for the impacts on human toxicity cancer effects (35%), freshwater ecotoxicity (60%), and resource depletion (72%); while the energy imported from the grid has a predominant weight on freshwater eutrophication (55%). Finally, the results show that the alternative scenarios investigated are responsible for higher environmental impacts than the case study. The only exceptions are represented by the resource depletion for Scenario 1 and the global warming potential for Scenario 2. In fact, for these indicators, the base case shows higher environmental impacts than those of the alternative scenarios.