Identification of Architectural Roman Remains in the Complex Archaeological Site of Buto ‘Tell El Fara'in’, Northern Egypt, Using Geophysical and Remote Sensing Data

The integrated use of remote sensing (RS) techniques, vertical magnetic gradient (VMG) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements, and, in particular, combined analysis of 2D and 3D data, can provide a viable option for the identification of targets of interest at complicated archaeological sites. In this regard, a case study is Kom C at the archaeological site of Buto (Tell El Fara'in) in the northern Nile Delta (Egypt), where satellite data (Google Earth, Landsat 8 and OrbView- 3), VMG and ERT measurements were collected prior to site excavation. In this particular case, soil salinity in the buried structures, a lack of contrast in magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity, as well as the orientation, complex spatial distribution and overlap ping of the architectural elements, all contributed to a number of anomalies that were difficult to interpret using only 2D results. Initially, the archaeological remains were identified as being made of mud- brick based on land surface temperature (LST) esti mated from thermal bands (Bands 10 and 11) in Landsat 8. Then, the high- resolution satellite data, as well as the VMG and ERT (2D, quasi- 3D and full 3D resistivity models), were integrated to produce a comprehensive map of buried archaeological features. Excavations by Kafrelsheikh University in collaboration with the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities recovered archaeological remains, including architectural elements that were perhaps used for official or administrative purposes or pottery- making workshops during the Late Roman period (between the 4th and 7th century ce). The direct comparison of geophysical results to archaeological evidence from the excavation enabled a robust interpretation of geophysical anomalies visible in the horizontal resistivity depth slice and magnetic maps. As a whole, this case study highlights the value of combining satellite data with the analysis of 2D data and 3D views of geophysical surveys to better understand the real distribution of buried archaeological re mains at similar complex sites