Monitoring Ground Movements by Integrating Space-Borne, Aerial, Terrestrial Remote Sensing and GNSS Observations

This study briefly overviews the methodologies employed at the mining pilot site in Austria, to demonstrate continuous monitoring of raw material extraction (progress, stability, waste dumps) under the scope of S34I project. Several unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights were performed, and tri-stereo digital elevation models (DEMs) were computed and compared to estimate the volume of the material extracted and deposited. The low-cost global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based monitoring system was installed in April 2023 and provided near real-time data. In addition, state-of-the-art Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) processing provided dense displacement times series in 3D to create the deformation model.