Automatic Detection of Cimiciato Defect in Hazelnuts Using Deep Learning and X-ray Radiography

Hazelnuts are a significant crop, with global production exceeding 1.25 million tons by 2023 (INC, 2023). Quality is threatened by biotic agents, including insects causing the cimiciato defect. This defect, from insect bites during fruit growth, results in off-flavor, tissue alterations, and lipid oxidation. Damage can be external or internal (hidden cimiciato). Industrial quality standards often exceed official regulations, making effective selection crucial. Traditional visual inspection is time-consuming and subjective. Non-destructive methods like NIR and NMR have potential but limited applicability.