This article examines the bullion and cash supply networks exploited by a pre-industrial government in times of financial, economic and material distress. The case study focuses on the monetary policy of the Republic of Venice and on the decisions taken by the main de- liberative body, the Senate, for the acquisition of metals to be minted and reales – the silver coins minted by the Spanish in the Americas and circulated worldwide. The period under study (c.1620-1640) was marked by an increasing fiscal pressure, the beginning of prolonged financial difficulties, high military expendi- ture, recurring famines in the Venetian mainland which led to state intervention in the distribution of grain, and periodic epidemics cul- minating in the severe plague of 1630-1631. In response to the growing demand for Spanish reales, which had become virtually the only currency accepted in Levantine ports and able to pay for Venetian maritime forces, the Senate limited direct purchases through merchant-bankers who sourced silver from markets, notably from Genoese exporters. Instead, it relied heavily on the substantial reserves held in the Mint and redirected tax revenues from main- land territories to maritime offices. Based on a thorough examina- tion of the Senate’s decrees on mint operations, the study argues that the small group of public contractors supplying bullion and reales were able to negotiate as oligopolists with the Venetian gov- ernment, which was compelled to turn to them only when reserves were depleted or reached a critical threshold; the sporadic recourse to these purchases, on the other hand, also indicates good financial health of the government of the Republic, which from 1646 was able to engage a gruelling conflict with the Ottomans.
Questo articolo esamina le reti di approvvigionamento di lingotti e contante sfruttate da un governo preindustriale in tempi di crisi finanziaria, economica e materiale. Il caso di studio si concentra sulla politica monetaria della Repubblica di Venezia e sulle decisioni prese dal principale organo deliberativo, il Senato, per l'acquisizione di metalli da coniare e di reali, le monete d'argento coniate dagli spagnoli nelle Americhe e circolanti in tutto il mondo. Il periodo in esame (1620-1640 circa) fu caratterizzato da una crescente pressione fiscale, dall'inizio di prolungate difficoltà finanziarie, da elevate spese militari, da ricorrenti carestie nella terraferma veneziana che portarono all'intervento dello Stato nella distribuzione del grano e da epidemie periodiche culminate nella grave peste del 1630-1631. In risposta alla crescente domanda di reali spagnoli, che erano diventati praticamente l'unica valuta accettata nei porti levantini e in grado di pagare le forze marittime veneziane, il Senato limitò gli acquisti diretti attraverso mercanti-banchieri che si rifornivano di argento dai mercati, in particolare dagli esportatori genovesi. Si affidò invece in larga misura alle consistenti riserve detenute dalla Zecca e reindirizzò le entrate fiscali dei territori continentali agli uffici marittimi. Sulla base di un esame approfondito dei decreti del Senato sulle operazioni della zecca, lo studio sostiene che il piccolo gruppo di appaltatori pubblici che fornivano lingotti e reali era in grado di negoziare da oligopolista con il governo veneziano, che era costretto a rivolgersi a loro solo quando le riserve erano esaurite o raggiungevano una soglia critica; il ricorso sporadico a questi acquisti, d'altra parte, indica anche la buona salute finanziaria del governo della Repubblica, che dal 1646 fu in grado di intraprendere un conflitto estenuante con gli Ottomani.
Silver for Hard Times. Supplying the Venetian Mint, c. 1620-1640
isabella cecchini
2025
Abstract
This article examines the bullion and cash supply networks exploited by a pre-industrial government in times of financial, economic and material distress. The case study focuses on the monetary policy of the Republic of Venice and on the decisions taken by the main de- liberative body, the Senate, for the acquisition of metals to be minted and reales – the silver coins minted by the Spanish in the Americas and circulated worldwide. The period under study (c.1620-1640) was marked by an increasing fiscal pressure, the beginning of prolonged financial difficulties, high military expendi- ture, recurring famines in the Venetian mainland which led to state intervention in the distribution of grain, and periodic epidemics cul- minating in the severe plague of 1630-1631. In response to the growing demand for Spanish reales, which had become virtually the only currency accepted in Levantine ports and able to pay for Venetian maritime forces, the Senate limited direct purchases through merchant-bankers who sourced silver from markets, notably from Genoese exporters. Instead, it relied heavily on the substantial reserves held in the Mint and redirected tax revenues from main- land territories to maritime offices. Based on a thorough examina- tion of the Senate’s decrees on mint operations, the study argues that the small group of public contractors supplying bullion and reales were able to negotiate as oligopolists with the Venetian gov- ernment, which was compelled to turn to them only when reserves were depleted or reached a critical threshold; the sporadic recourse to these purchases, on the other hand, also indicates good financial health of the government of the Republic, which from 1646 was able to engage a gruelling conflict with the Ottomans.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


