This paper considers the birth and evolution of the gondola from its origins to the 1700s, when it took on its final appearance, or close to it. The study is based on written and iconographic sources. The gondola is the evolution of the cymbula, the flat-bottomed Roman boat that was used in the lagoons of the North Adriatic from Ravenna to Altino. The name was mentioned for the first time in the 11th century, but its shape remains unknown. Iconography shows that there was a first major transition in form after Marco Polo’s return, first in a fresco by Giotto's school in 1340 in Bolzano, and then in 1370 when it can be seen depicted by Lorenzo Veneziano and Giusto de’ Menabuoi. It remained unchanged until the early 1500s, represented by Carpaccio, Bellini, Mansueti and many others, including Leonardo who applied it to a mud-digging machine. A second major transformation occurred in 1509, when it was equipped with sharpened rostrums to be engaged in river battles against Ferrara and the allies of the League of Cambrai. It has been found that in the antiquity, the name ‘dolphin’ was given to a war machine for breaking through the hulls of enemy ships, as described by Thucydides; in addition, it was the nickname for Tyrrhenian pirates, derived from the dolphin-shaped snout of the rostrums of their ships. A third transformation occurred between the end of 1600s and early 1700s, when it took on the familiar appearance handed down to us by the paintings of Canaletto and the other Venetian Vedutists. This research considers not only the technical aspect, but also the perception handed down by literature, starting with Dante and Petrarch, and the connections with Asia suggested by Marco Polo. Since the military use of the gondola is little known, this issue was also addressed, reporting ancient literature explaining its engagement in the field, and the various war reports describing its actions. Of particular relevance was also the economic and socio-political context, in that when Venice found itself in difficulty, it had to rely on the contribution of its citizens. The Doge made edicts to convince and incite civil citizens to go raiding enemy territory by going with their own boats. This resulted in the adoption of rostrums in 1509. Another important aspect was the control of a special Magistrate against Pomp and for Public Decorum, the Sopraproveditori e Provveditori alle Pompe, that from the 16th to the 18th centuries issued edicts to regulate the aesthetic appearance of gondolas. This research is aimed at the development of the gondola and discovering its military use. However, it had to deal with various linguistic, administrative, historical, and social issues that occurred during those centuries in Venice.
Questo lavoro considera la nascita e l’evoluzione della gondola partendo dalle origini fino al 1700, quando assume l’aspetto finale, o poco discosto da questo. Lo studio si basa sulle fonti scritte e su quelle iconografiche. La gondola è l’evoluzione della cymbula, la barchetta romana a fondo piatto, che veniva usata nelle lagune del nord-Adriatico da Ravenna ad Altino. Il nome appare citato per la prima volta nell’XI secolo, ma non ne conosciamo la forma. L’iconografia mostra che c’è stata una prima importante transizione di forma dopo il ritorno di Marco Polo, dapprima in un affresco della scuola di Giotto nel 1340 a Bolzano, e poi nel 1370 quando si vede rappresentata dipinta da Lorenzo Veneziano e Giusto de’ Menabuoi e così rimase fino agli inizi del 1500, rappresentata da Carpaccio, Bellini, Mansueti e molti altri, compreso Leonardo che la applicò a una macchina cavafango. Una seconda trasformazione importante avvenne nel 1509, quando fu dotata di rostri acuminati per essere impegnata nelle battaglie fluviali contro Ferrara e gli alleati della lega di Cambrai. Si è trovato che nei tempi antichi il nome ‘delfino’ veniva dato a una macchina bellica per sfondare le carene delle navi nemiche, come scrive Tucidide, sia anche come soprannome dei pirati Tirreni, derivato dalla forma a muso di delfino che avevano i rostri delle loro navi. Una terza trasformazione avvenne tra la fine del 1600 e il 1700, quando assunse l’aspetto noto, tramandatoci dai quadri del Canaletto e gli altri Vedutisti veneziani. La ricerca non ha considerato solo l’aspetto tecnico, ma anche la percezione tramandata dalla letteratura, a partire da Dante e Petrarca, e gli agganci con l’Asia suggeriti da Marco Polo. Poiché l’uso bellico della gondola è poco noto, si è affrontato anche questo tema, riportando la letteratura militare antica che ne spiega l’impegno in campo, e i vari resoconti di guerra che descrivono le azioni. Particolare importanza ebbe anche il contesto economico e socio-politico, in quanto quando Venezia si trovò in difficoltà, dovette ricorrere sul contributo dei cittadini. Il Doge fece degli editti per convincere e incitare i cittadini a fare razzie in territorio nemico, andando con la propria barca. Questo determinò l’adozione dei rostri nel 1509. Un altro aspetto importante fu il controllo di una magistratura conto lo sfarzo e per i buoni costumi, chiamato Sopraprovveditori e Provveditori alle Pompe, che dal XVI al XVIII secolo emise editti per regolare l’aspetto estetico delle gondole. Questa ricerca è finalizzata allo sviluppo della gondola e a scoprire il suo utilizzo militare. Con questo però ha dovuto affrontare vari temi linguistici, amministrativi, storici, e sociali avvenuti in quei secoli a Venezia.
Nuovi approfondimenti sulle origini della Gondola Veneziana, e il suo antico uso militare
Camuffo, Dario
Primo
2025
Abstract
This paper considers the birth and evolution of the gondola from its origins to the 1700s, when it took on its final appearance, or close to it. The study is based on written and iconographic sources. The gondola is the evolution of the cymbula, the flat-bottomed Roman boat that was used in the lagoons of the North Adriatic from Ravenna to Altino. The name was mentioned for the first time in the 11th century, but its shape remains unknown. Iconography shows that there was a first major transition in form after Marco Polo’s return, first in a fresco by Giotto's school in 1340 in Bolzano, and then in 1370 when it can be seen depicted by Lorenzo Veneziano and Giusto de’ Menabuoi. It remained unchanged until the early 1500s, represented by Carpaccio, Bellini, Mansueti and many others, including Leonardo who applied it to a mud-digging machine. A second major transformation occurred in 1509, when it was equipped with sharpened rostrums to be engaged in river battles against Ferrara and the allies of the League of Cambrai. It has been found that in the antiquity, the name ‘dolphin’ was given to a war machine for breaking through the hulls of enemy ships, as described by Thucydides; in addition, it was the nickname for Tyrrhenian pirates, derived from the dolphin-shaped snout of the rostrums of their ships. A third transformation occurred between the end of 1600s and early 1700s, when it took on the familiar appearance handed down to us by the paintings of Canaletto and the other Venetian Vedutists. This research considers not only the technical aspect, but also the perception handed down by literature, starting with Dante and Petrarch, and the connections with Asia suggested by Marco Polo. Since the military use of the gondola is little known, this issue was also addressed, reporting ancient literature explaining its engagement in the field, and the various war reports describing its actions. Of particular relevance was also the economic and socio-political context, in that when Venice found itself in difficulty, it had to rely on the contribution of its citizens. The Doge made edicts to convince and incite civil citizens to go raiding enemy territory by going with their own boats. This resulted in the adoption of rostrums in 1509. Another important aspect was the control of a special Magistrate against Pomp and for Public Decorum, the Sopraproveditori e Provveditori alle Pompe, that from the 16th to the 18th centuries issued edicts to regulate the aesthetic appearance of gondolas. This research is aimed at the development of the gondola and discovering its military use. However, it had to deal with various linguistic, administrative, historical, and social issues that occurred during those centuries in Venice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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