Photochemical Catalysts for Hydrocarbons and Biomass Derivates Reforming in Intensified Processes

Photocatalysts for applications in different sectors, e.g., civil and environmental, are already developed to a mature extent and allow, for example, the purification of gaseous and liquid streams or the self−cleaning surfaces. The application of photocatalysts in the industrial sector is, however, quite limited. The review addresses the specific topic of the photocatalytic reforming of methane and biomass derivates. In this regard, recent advances in materials science are reported and discussed, in particular regarding doped and modified oxides (TiO2 and ZrO2) or non−oxidic ceramics. Concerning process integration, a comparison between traditional two−dimensional photoreactors and fluidized bed systems is proposed and design guidelines are drawn, with indications of the possible benefits. Photocatalytic fluidized beds appear more suitable for small− and medium−scale integrated processes of reforming, operating at lower temperatures than traditional ones for distributed hydrogen generation.