Converging Electrospinning and 3D-Printing Technologies: From Innovative Design for Tissue Engineering to Global Patent Trends and Technology Transfer

Electrospinning is a technique that enables the production of nano- and microfibrillar patterns that mimic the native extracellular matrix. However, these nanofibrous structures often lack mechanical properties suitable for reproducing the behavior of structurally complex tissues. Therefore, achieving more accurate and precise geometric structures be-comes a key challenge. In this context, additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing may allow for the development of tailored structures with highly controlled ar-chitecture and improved mechanical strength. However, in contrast with electrospinning, these techniques are commonly considered “low-resolution” techniques, unable to ma-nipulate structural details at the submicrometric scale. Hence, this review aims to intro-duce and discuss recent technological approaches based on combining these technologies for scaffold development in tissue engineering, detailing some distinct integration strate-gies correlating the outcomes to the benefits and drawbacks. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art in the registered intellectual property related to these integrated approaches will be proposed, assessing their distribution by geographic region and analyzing the main trends over time and future fallouts.