Overview of RNA Interference Methods to Hamper Phytoplasma Transmission by Phloem-Feeding Vectors

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process that regulates gene expression by degrading specific mRNA. This process occurs in most eukaryotes. Initially exploited as a functional genomic tool, RNAi has emerged as a powerful and specific approach for protecting crops against plant pests. Regulatory and technical challenges continue to limit its use at a large scale in the field. RNAi technology has been applied to four hemipteran vectors of phytoplasmas belonging to 16S rRNA groups I and V. The chapter summarizes different strategies for the delivery of silencing molecules (double-stranded RNAs) to these insect species, with special focus on the rationale behind the selection of target genes. For phytoplasma vectors, abolishing or even reducing transmission efficiency can lower the need for insecticide burden in infected crop areas. RNAi functions in some phytoplasma leafhopper vectors and offers an environmentally and ecologically safe approach to control these economically important diseases.