Sustainable Materials in 3D Printing: Exploring the Potential of Microalgae

3D printing has emerged as a key enabler of sustainable production, offering improved material efficiency and reduced waste. As bioprinting and the use of bio-derived materials continue to rise, the reliance on petroleum-based polymers presents pressing ecological concerns, including resource depletion and persistent plastic pollution. In response, research has increasingly focused on environmentally friendly alternatives such as biopolymers, recyclable materials, and renewable bio-composites. Among these, microalgae-based materials are gaining attention for their biodegradability, renewability, and low environmental impact. This review explores the emerging roles of microalgae-derived compounds, particularly polysaccharides, proteins, and whole-cell biopolymers, in additive manufacturing. It critically examines their properties, printability, and compatibility with key 3D printing technologies. The review also addresses current challenges, such as limited mechanical performance and processing constraints, which hinder broader adoption. By identifying existing research gaps, it outlines promising directions for future development, including material modification strategies and process optimization. This work aims to support the advancement of microalgae-based materials in bioprinting and sustainable manufacturing, providing researchers and industry stakeholders with insights into both the limitations and future prospects of these innovative bio-based systems.