Functional disorders of the upper digestive tract, including functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome with predominant gastric symptoms, represent conditions that are highly prevalent in the general popula tion and are associated with a marked impairment of pa tients’ quality of life. Functional dyspepsia, characterised by symptoms such as epigastric pain, early satiety and bloat ing, in the absence of detectable structural abnormalities, is commonly divided into two subtypes: postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome, as described in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Although the pathogenesis of these disorders is not completely understood, it is believed that there is a complex interaction between altered gastro intestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut dysbiosis and dysfunction in the central modulation of visceral signals. Current guidelines recommend a multimodal therapeutic approach, including both pharmacological treatments and lifestyle modifications. First-line drugs for the management of functional dyspepsia include prokinetics, such as domper idone and itopride, and proton pump inhibitors, the latter being indicated mainly in patients with symptoms associat ed with hyperacidity. In refractory cases, numerous studies support the use of tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin modulators, which appear to bring significant symptomatic improvement. Recently, scientific interest has also turned to the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of functional disorders of the upper digestive tract, opening up prospects for innovative therapies, including the use of probiotics and modulation of the intestinal flora. However, current guidelines emphasize the need for further clinical evidence to consider such approaches as standard of care. In conclusion, although significant progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of these disorders, there remains much room for development with regard to targeted and personalized therapeutic strategies.
I disturbi funzionali del tratto digestivo supe riore, tra cui la dispepsia funzionale e la sindrome dell’in testino irritabile con sintomatologia gastrica predominan te, rappresentano condizioni altamente prevalenti nella popolazione generale e sono associate a una marcata compromissione della qualità della vita dei pazienti. La dispepsia funzionale, caratterizzata da sintomi quali do lore epigastrico, sazietà precoce e gonfiore, in assenza di anomalie strutturali rilevabili, è comunemente suddivisa in due sottotipi: la sindrome da distress post-prandiale e la sindrome da dolore epigastrico, come descritto nei criteri diagnostici di Roma IV. Sebbene la patogenesi di questi disturbi non sia completamente compresa, si ritiene che vi sia un’interazione complessa tra alterata motilità gastroin testinale, ipersensibilità viscerale, disbiosi e disfunzione nella modulazione centrale dei segnali viscerali. Le linee guida attuali raccomandano un approccio terapeutico multimodale, che comprenda sia trattamenti farmacolo gici sia modifiche dello stile di vita. Tra i farmaci di prima linea per la gestione della dispepsia funzionale figurano i procinetici, come il domperidone e l’itopride, e gli inibi tori di pompa protonica, questi ultimi indicati soprattut to in pazienti con sintomatologia associata a iperacidità. Nei casi refrattari, numerosi studi supportano l’utilizzo di antidepressivi triciclici e modulatori della serotonina, che sembrano apportare un significativo miglioramento sinto matologico. Di recente, l’interesse scientifico si è rivolto anche al ruolo del microbiota intestinale nella patoge nesi dei disturbi funzionali del tratto digestivo superiore, aprendo prospettive per terapie innovative, tra cui l’im piego di probiotici e la modulazione della flora intestinale. Tuttavia, le attuali linee guida sottolineano la necessità di ulteriori evidenze cliniche per considerare tali approcci come standard terapeutici. In conclusione, sebbene siano stati fatti progressi significativi nella comprensione e nel trattamento di questi disturbi, permangono ampi margini di sviluppo per quanto riguarda strategie terapeutiche mi rate e personalizzate.
I disturbi funzionali del tratto digestivo superiore: aspetti epidemiologici, clinici e terapeutici
CARMELA COLICA;
2025
Abstract
Functional disorders of the upper digestive tract, including functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome with predominant gastric symptoms, represent conditions that are highly prevalent in the general popula tion and are associated with a marked impairment of pa tients’ quality of life. Functional dyspepsia, characterised by symptoms such as epigastric pain, early satiety and bloat ing, in the absence of detectable structural abnormalities, is commonly divided into two subtypes: postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome, as described in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Although the pathogenesis of these disorders is not completely understood, it is believed that there is a complex interaction between altered gastro intestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut dysbiosis and dysfunction in the central modulation of visceral signals. Current guidelines recommend a multimodal therapeutic approach, including both pharmacological treatments and lifestyle modifications. First-line drugs for the management of functional dyspepsia include prokinetics, such as domper idone and itopride, and proton pump inhibitors, the latter being indicated mainly in patients with symptoms associat ed with hyperacidity. In refractory cases, numerous studies support the use of tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin modulators, which appear to bring significant symptomatic improvement. Recently, scientific interest has also turned to the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of functional disorders of the upper digestive tract, opening up prospects for innovative therapies, including the use of probiotics and modulation of the intestinal flora. However, current guidelines emphasize the need for further clinical evidence to consider such approaches as standard of care. In conclusion, although significant progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of these disorders, there remains much room for development with regard to targeted and personalized therapeutic strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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