A Multi-Criteria Evaluation Tool for Assessing Circularity in Innovative Bio-Based Solutions from Food Industry By-Products

Circular economy (CE) strategies in the agri-food sector hold strong potential for reducing waste, enhancing resource efficiency, and promoting sustainable value creation. However, early-stage assessment of innovative valorisation pathways remains challenging due to limited data availability and heterogeneous sustainability trade-offs. This study presents a multi-criteria evaluation tool designed to identify sustainability hotspots and support the preliminary screening of CE solutions based on easily obtainable information. The tool combines a structured literature review with expert-based scoring across environmental (ENV), economic (EC), and social (SOC) dimensions. Its applicability was demonstrated through the following three case studies: (i) reconstitution of cheese approaching expiration, (ii) extraction of polyphenols from grape-wine residues via subcritical water extraction, and (iii) biodegradable mulching film production from grape-wine pomace. Results show that the tool successfully differentiates sustainability performance across value chain areas Residue, Final Product, and Process (RES, FP, and PRO) and reveals critical gaps requiring further investigation. Scenario 3 achieved the higher overall score (69.7%) due to fewer regulatory constraints, whereas Scenarios 1 and 2 (61.2% and 54.5%, respectively) are penalised due to the more regulations for human consumption. The proposed tool offers a practical and efficient method to support researchers and industry stakeholders in identifying CE strategies with the highest potential for sustainable development.