FMG/C, HARMFUL PRACTICES, AND RECENT MIGRATION FLOWS The European Challenge

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is currently recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. It reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. The practice also violates a person’s rights to health, security, and physical integrity; the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment; and the right to life when the procedure results in death, as acknowledged in several international and regional human rights instruments. This issue has been the subject of study across many disciplines, from medical, social, and political sciences, to history and literary studies, to women’s studies and feminist philosophy. While FGM/C used to be considered an African phenomenon, it has become a global issue in the context of migration. After describing the main characteristics of these practices, in terms of prevalence and distribution, this chapter aims to analyze the reasons underpinning their reproduction according to the main theoretical frameworks. With reference to the perspective of the social actors, we will consider the attitudes towards the practice of FGM/C, the main factors contributing to its reproduction, and the possible drivers for change, to conclude with a discussion on some policy measures to be planned and implemented in the destination countries.