Simultaneous measurements of stem radius variation and sap flux density reveal synchronization of water storage and transpiration dynamics in olive trees

Continuous stem water relations, sap flux and radial variation, and soil moisture were monitored in rainfed and irrigated mature olive (Olea europaea L.) trees in field conditions in central Italy. A mathematical procedure was applied to describe plant-environment dependences in order to facilitate the identification of the correspondence between stem factors (sap flow, diameter variation) and environmental parameters (water availability, evaporative demand). A direct correspondence between the time series of the monitored parameters was observed in the two growing seasons. Soil water content was synchronous to stem diameter variation in irrigated trees, while they were asynchronous in rainfed conditions. On daily basis, sap flux density showed an opposite trend with respect to patterns of VPD and ET0 in spring, corresponded to the course of ET0 in summer, and lagged behind ET0 in autumn. Maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) was correlated with VPD (R2 = 0.50, in rainfed; R2 = 0.51, in irrigated plants), whereas was not significantly related to ET0. Conversely, cumulative sap flow showed a good relationship with ET0 (R2 = 0.60, in rainfed; R2 = 0.51, in irrigated plants), and scaled exponentially with MDS (R2 = 0.56, in rainfed; R2 = 0.61, in irrigated plants) indicating consistent radial transfer of water between xylem and phloem. The proposed analytical approach highlights the importance of combining measured parameters and sensor outputs in order to determine adjustments of specific plant functionality traits, such as the dynamics of water status in trees, for modelling and practical uses. This study also indicates a different accounting of the effect of microclimatic variables on plant signals based on stem sensors.