Saving Minos: ancient architectural responses to natural disasters and their modern counterparts

Earthquakes were so well a known phenomenon in antiquity as to inspire myths and require the creation of apotropaic cults. The myths linked to Poseidon, god of sea, earthquakes and tsunami, had their origins already formed during the Bronze age, when Poseidon is the most frequently named god in the Linear B tablets, already associated with the epithet of E-NE-SI-DA-O-NE, 'Earth-shaker'. In addition to literary traditions, we are able to recognize quite well in archaeological excavations traces of earthquakes and sometimes also of tsunami. The question we here investigate is how Bronze Age people formulated a practical response to these events in terms of suitably resistant architecture. And what of these techniques still can be used in modern times. In Aegean Bronze Age architecture, a series of practices were developed during the more than two millennia in which they built monumental structures able to resist the earth's trembling. In Minoan palaces in particular, that is those monumental and asymmetrical buildings incorporating many open and closed spaces in close proximity and often with many floors, lighter walls were superimposed on stone ones built at basement or ground floor levels. Using vertical, horizontal and cross timbers they put up wooden frames into which stone and mudbrick elements were inserted and bonded, and over which clay and plaster were later applied. Recent research has improved our knowledge not only about the buildings and their basic structures, but also about more detailed aspects, such as the expertise of the Minoan masters in developing various types of plasters with different degrees of elasticity. This contribution will investigate how extensively these techniques are spread in the Mediterranean basin, both in ancient and modern times. And how they can be applied to contemporary architecture to restore ancient buildings in a more sustainable way.