Origin and Circulation of Calcarenite Artifacts in the Area of Montescaglioso between 6th and 3rd Century BC: An Interdisciplinary Approach

The study of stone artifacts and their provenance is an important proxy for understandingthe entangled relationship between humans and geological resources. In this paper, we explorethe potentialities of an interdisciplinary approach combining in situ documentation of tool marksand characterization of stone types using a near infrared (NIR) portable probe. We argue thatthis protocol is useful for collecting screening data on objects that cannot be moved or sampled.NIR spectra describe textural and molecular features of the materials and can be used to achievea preliminary characterization of raw materials. We present a case study from the territory ofMontescaglioso (Basilicata, near Matera, Italy), where we combined the analysis of a calcarenite(limestone) quarry, in Masseria D'Alessio, which was exploited since the 6th century BC, as well asartifacts of the same chronology from surveys and excavations in the surroundings. The aim was tocollect preliminary data about the distribution of the particular calcarenite extracted from the quarryand identify exploitation and trade patterns. The data were processed using multivariate statistics tohighlight the relevant spectral information and perform supervised classification of spectral features.Documentation of tool marks and the process of stone working were combined with the spectralsignature of the artifacts to link the stone types to the description of their extraction/carving methods.