In-stream microhabitat mosaic depicts the success of mitigation measures and controls the Ecological Potential of benthic communities in heavily modified rivers

The positive effect of mitigation measures on in-stream habitat conditions and the benthic community isrecognised. In heavily modified rivers, though, the response of aquatic invertebrates to mitigation measuresand habitat mosaic changes is scarcely documented.We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to explore the benthic community of leveed rivers in the agricultural lowlands of Northern Italy. The relevance of in-stream substrate microhabitat for the benthic community was assessed, together with the impact of mitigation measures. We proposed a straightforward approach to quantify similarity of microhabitat mosaic between sites testing its statistical significance based on Bayesian statistics.We hypothesised that changes of microhabitat mosaic would reflect the level of implementation of mitigationmeasures and benthic invertebrates would respond accordingly. Alpha, beta diversity and benthic metricsused to classify ecological status/potential were considered and their variation tested against different levels ofmeasure implementation. Lastly, ecological potential classification was paralleled to both the level of measureimplementation and habitat attributes.The microhabitats found at sites where measures were fully implemented differed from those observed elsewhere and they clearly mirrored morphological alteration and mitigation measures. Moreover, alongside morphological alteration, microhabitat diversity and mosaic were the main factors for benthic community structure. While benthic beta diversity strictly reflected microhabitat diversity, alpha diversity and ecological status metrics copied the mosaic gradient. Microhabitat attributes and most benthic metrics showed significant changes following measure implementation and they were accompanied by a gradual shift in ecological potentialclasses.We demonstrated the importance of in-stream substrate microhabitats as a bridge between mitigation measuresand the benthic community. Particularly when ecological classification is under focus, microhabitat mosaicshould be evaluated for achieving a better understanding of biological responses. The huge amount of data available worldwide could support a straightforward use of river mosaic information for river management.