Genetic and Landscape Characterization of Ancient Crops: The Olive Tree, a Case Study in Northern Italy

A large number of ancient olive plants with different genetic, agronomic and morphological characteristics are present in the Emilia Romagna region. In this study 431 trees, present in eight provinces, were located and their phytometric traits were recorded; all of them were also submitted to molecular analysis with SSR markers and compared with cultivars traditionally present in Central Italy and Emilia Romagna. The comparison of the local germplasm with known cultivars led to the identification of most accessions in study. Several accessions, about 33% of the total local individuals under study, did not show genetic identity with known cultivars and were of unknown origin, these genotypes therefore represent a precious reserve of biodiversity. Thanks to the synergy between the potentiality of local olive cultivars and the pedoclimatic conditions typical of a cold growing area, Northern Italy regions produce oils characterized by high quality standards; for example in Emilia Romagna region there are several registered trademarks and two PDOs (Protected Denomination of Origin), Brisighella and Colline di Romagna. In the last 30 years the Institute of BioEconomy IBE-CNR (ex IBIMET-CNR) and the University of Parma have carried out a selection project through genotyping programs: thirty autochthonous cultivars were selected and distributed following the genetic and sanitary plant certification process, according to a European voluntary program. The choice to protect autochthonous cultivars of Emilia Romagna, which according to literature mentioned in the text have been cultivated over the last two millennia in the region, and their reintroduction with new orchards in hilly areas would allow to valorize the final product and to implement the relationship between olive oil and landscape.