Getting hotter by heating less: How driven granular materials dissipate energy in excess

We investigate how the kinetic energy acquired by a dense granular system driven by an external vibrationdepends on the input energy. Our focus is on the dependence of the granular behavior on two main parameters:frequency and vibration amplitude. We find that there exists an optimal forcing frequency at which the systemreaches the maximal kinetic energy: if the input energy is increased beyond this threshold, the system dissipatesmore and more energy and recovers a colder and more viscous state. Quite surprisingly, the nonmonotonicbehavior is found for vibration amplitudes which are sufficiently low to keep the system always in contactwith the driving oscillating plate. Studying dissipative properties of the system, we unveil a striking differencebetween this nonmonotonic behavior and a standard resonance mechanism. This feature is also observed at themicroscopic scale of the single-grain dynamics and can be interpreted as an instance of negative specific heat.An analytically solvable model based on a generalized forced-damped oscillator well reproduces the observedphenomenology, illustrating the role of the competing effects of forcing and dissipation.