Water splitting with enhanced efficiency using a nickel-based co-catalyst at a cupric oxide photocathode

Homemade non-critical raw materials such as Ni or NiCu co-catalysts were added at the photocathode of a tandem cell, constituted by photoelectrodes made of earth-abundant materials, to generate green solar hydrogen from photoelectrochemical water splitting. Oxygen evolving at the Ti-and-P-doped hematite/TCO-based photoanode and hydrogen at the cupric oxide/GDL-based photocathode are separated by an anion exchange polymer electrolyte membrane placed between them. The effect of the aforementioned co-catalysts was studied in a complete PEC cell in the presence of the ionomer dispersion and the anionic membrane to evaluate their impact under practical conditions. Notably, different amounts of Ni or NiCu co-catalysts were used to improve the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics and the overall solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of the photoelectrochemical cells. At-0.6 V, in the bias-assisted region, the photocurrent density reaches about 2 mA cm for a cell with 12 µg cm of Ni loading, followed by 1.75 mA cm for the cell configuration based on 8 µg cm of NiCu. For the best-performing cell, enthalpy efficiency at-0.4 V reaches a first maximum value of 2.03%. In contrast, the throughput efficiency, which is a ratio between the power output and the total power input (solar + electric) provided by an external source, calculated at-1.225 V, reaches a maximum of 10.75%. This value is approximately three times higher than the best results obtained in our previous studies without the use of co-catalysts at the photocathode.