Extracellular Vesicles and Immunity: At the Crossroads of Cell Communication

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising exosomes and microvesicles, are small membranousstructures secreted by nearly all cell types. They have emerged as crucial mediators in intercellularcommunication, playing pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes, notablywithin the realm of immunity. These roles go beyond mere cellular interactions, as extracellularvesicles stand as versatile and dynamic components of immune regulation, impacting both innate andadaptive immunity. Their multifaceted involvement includes immune cell activation, antigen presen-tation, and immunomodulation, emphasising their significance in maintaining immune homeostasisand contributing to the pathogenesis of immune-related disorders. Extracellular vesicles participatein immunomodulation by delivering a wide array of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids,and nucleic acids, thereby influencing gene expression in target cells. This manuscript presentsa comprehensive review that encompasses in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at elucidating themechanisms through which EVs modulate human immunity. Understanding the intricate interplaybetween extracellular vesicles and immunity is imperative for unveiling novel therapeutic targetsand diagnostic tools applicable to various immunological disorders, including autoimmune diseases,infectious diseases, and cancer. Furthermore, recognising the potential of EVs as versatile drugdelivery vehicles holds significant promise for the future of immunotherapies.