Not Only Graphene Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Recent Trends in Electrochemical (Bio)sensing Area for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have attracted growing attentionin the (bio)sensing area and, in particular, for biomedical applications because of their uniquemechanical and physicochemical properties, such as their high thermal and electrical conductivity,biocompatibility, and large surface area. Graphene (G) and its derivatives represent the most common2D nanomaterials applied to electrochemical (bio)sensors for healthcare applications. This reviewwill pay particular attention to other 2D nanomaterials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and MXenes,applied to the electrochemical biomedical (bio)sensing area, considering the literature of the lastfive years (2018-2022). An overview of 2D nanostructures focusing on the synthetic approach, theintegration with electrodic materials, including other nanomaterials, and with different biorecognitionelements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and aptamers, will be provided. Next, significantexamples of applications in the clinical field will be reported and discussed together with the role ofnanomaterials, the type of (bio)sensor, and the adopted electrochemical technique. Finally, challengesrelated to future developments of these nanomaterials to design portable sensing systems will beshortly discussed.