Impact of Climate Change on Agroecosystems and Potential Adaptation Strategies

Agriculture is currently one of the leading economic sectors most impacted by climatechange. Due to its great field of application and its susceptibility to meteorological variability, theeffects of climate change on agriculture have significant social and economic consequences for humanwell-being. Moreover, the increasing need for land spaces for population growth has produced strongcompetition between food and urbanization, leading to a loss of the agroecosystem that supports foodsecurity. This review aims to understand the main risks generated by climate change in agriculturalproduction and the potential strategies that can be applied to increase agriculture's resilience. Agricultural risk can be linked to the decrease in the productivity of foods, weed overgrowth at the cropsexpense, increase in parasites, water availability, soil alteration, negative impact on production costsand consequent change in the adopted cultivars, reduction in the pollination process, intense fires,and alteration of product quality. Thus, climate change can impact the provisioning of ecosystemservices, reducing food security in terms of quantity and quality for future generations. Finally, inthis review, we report the main adaptation strategies to increase agroecosystem resilience in adverseenvironments generated by climate change. Mainly, we highlight new technologies, such as newbreeding technologies and agrivoltaic and smart agricultural applications, which, combined withagroecosystems, can reduce the agricultural risks following climate change (for example, droughtevents and low availability of water). We suggest that the combination of natural capital and technologies can be defined as an "innovation-based solution" able to support and increase ecosystemservice flow in agroecosystems.