Bridging the Energy Balance Gap in Eddy-Covariance Measurements: Insights From Standardized Network Data

The lack of energy balance closure in Eddy- Covariance (EC) measurements is a well-known, still unresolved challenge in mi-crometeorology, with energy balance closure (EBC) rates typically ranging between 60% and 80%. While numerous hypotheseshave been proposed to explain this imbalance, the relative contributions of neglected energy storage terms, data quality and fluxprocessing options remain insufficiently disentangled. Using standardized ICOS and NEON datasets, we show that a significantportion of the observed energy imbalance can be attributed to overlooked or inconsistently handled energy components and tur-bulent flux quality control. Using data drawn from 84 sites, we show that comprehensive energy accounting—including soil heatflux, storage terms (soil, air, biomass), photosynthetic energy demand, and strict quality filtering of turbulent fluxes—improvedEBC by 16% on average, with site-specific gains up to 40%. However, we also identify a persistent residual imbalance that is un-likely to be resolved through methodological refinements or additional measurements alone, pointing to fundamental physicalprocesses that are not accounted for in the standard measurement and processing. We argue that this unresolved imbalanceshould be explicitly acknowledged and bounded, rather than implicitly absorbed into correction schemes, and we outline prac-tical guidance for diagnosing and interpreting EBC in standardized flux networks. This perspective evaluates methodologicaladvances and residual uncertainties, providing an actionable framework for the appropriate use of EC energy fluxes in carbon,water, and climate research